نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 39 (پاییز 1392)

According to the Russian leader's ideas, traditional sphere of Soviet Union particularly, central Asia and Caucasus, is the first defensive trend for protecting of Russian national security, and it should be looking to exert dominance over the region, on the context of the Tosarist Russia and soviet. Nevertheless, Russia during the two past decades, has taken different approaches towards central Asia and Caucasus, that, at first glance it may associated to confusion of kremlin leaders; but with scrutiny about the reason of adopting such a procedure can be realized that the approaches have been just tactical and in order to achieve the overall strategy in central Asia and Caucasus. Current trends, indicate that, Russian administration with its long-term strategy, have always been looking for Russia as an empire of oil and acting with their promotion, able to play the geopolitical key role in energy, And exploit Russia's energy resources and also energy transfer pipeline monopoly as a mean of political and economical to provide the geopolitical benefits of country in Eurasia, especially in relations with Europe union. In this research we want to answer this question that what are the obstacles in achieving the goals for Russia after cold war in central Asia and Caucasus? It seems that some of the obstacles are Ethnic - cultural wars in Caucasus and after that the presence of Trans-regional powers in this area that in this research we focus on this two issues.

Achieving an acceptable condition of growth, development and excellence process in human societies including urban and rural districts, requires paving the ground for planning based on understanding of environment and benefiting its capabilities. In this context, understanding, studying and analyzing natural and human capabilities in rural areas of the country could be considered as an underlying and important principle in the process of sustainable development of these human settlements. Having studied the concepts of rural sustainable development, the present article with the emphasis on applied- fundamental approach and descriptive-analytical method is to introduce and analyze environmental capabilities (natural – human) of the rural areas in central district of Rostam county to achieve sustainable development of these population centers. In this context, data collection was done by library and field methods emphasizing close field observation, observation and interview. The indexes studied in this article also include analysis of natural data including land structure, topography, water and soil resources together with human status as level of literacy, rural turnout and most important, it includes introducing powers and capabilities of agricultural dept. of the studies villages. Finally, emphasizing the research findings, it is trying to provide the required solutions for paving the ways for sustainable development in the rural areas of the county. The research results are evidenced that the villages of this county in general have high capabilities for doing and developing agricultural activities and the related service-economic operations due to their environmental features, that this potential alongside with expansion and development of complementary and conversion industries together with thriving business sector in the region could provide the grounds and conditions for achieving sustainable development of the region with rational and coordinated management together with comprehensive turnout of all rustics.

Urmia, the provincial city of West Azarbaijan, is considered as the tenth largest city of Iran and the second in north-west. The city of Urmia as the other large towns has experienced considerable structural changes in its traditional and old context. It is to admit that reaching a more detailed and comprehensive knowledge of the changes and the factors behind could very well help the managers and related programmers to solve the current problems of the city and be able to achieve a more healthy and sustainable city in present and future. An efficient way to understand the changes in physical body of the city is to carry out comparative study of various aerial images happily produced and archived by the national geographical organization. But one important problem that for such studies exists is the loss of coordinated and geo-referenced images which makes the comparative study particularly for a given spots and in detailed cases hard and impossible.

In dry areas, like the vast majority of our country, people have always been and are facing a shortage of water. The possibility of increasing the available water is very limited. The shortage for combating it should be managed more on conservation and optimal utilization of the note. Identify suitable locations to collect runoff important step toward increasing access to water and fertile soil in the area is semi-desert. In this paper, in order to prone areas collect runoff plain Birjand, GIS is used. To power part of the basin runoff by considering factors such as the spatial variability of soil, land use, rainfall and slope produced and then a layer in GIS to collect runoff potential locations were identified. The ability to collect runoff in 4 levels: poor, moderate, good, very good was defined respectively 28.38, 48.9, 20.91 and 3.7% of the area into account. The water storage capacity in a very good area with storage capacity has been studied and results are discussed in three different modes embankment.

Climate change is one of the major challenges faced by man in the current age. Phenomena such as precipitation changes, global warmness, melting of polar ices, flood, unexpected and severe coldness and warmness in most parts of the world are so severe, damaging and stressful that have resulted in climate change to be at the top of the studies of climatic sciences researchers and extensive international, regional and local studies have already addressed that. In order to review the possibility of climate change in Kerman Province, precipitation average, minimum, average and maximum temperatures of synoptic station in Kerman during 1956-2005 were received from the website of meteorology organization and was adjusted in terms of time series and was then studied by using Man – Kendall test. In this research, type and time of changes in the aforesaid elements were identified by using the above model. The results obtained from the analyses indicate that commencement time of most changes is sudden and of both trend and fluctuation types. precipitation changes in warm months is considerable while minimum, average and maximum temperatures in April, November and December were more considerable. No significant changes are observed in other months. On the whole, precipitation in the station during the period of study decreased and average, minimum and maximum temperatures increased.

Tourism structure in any place is, on the one hand, influenced by its significance, nature, role variation, as well as its religious, cultural, recreational and business functions and generally by its points of interest. However, we have to identify the aptitudes, potentials, and capacities of tourist centers so that we may take the required steps to develop these areas via optimum investment. Thus, the research main objective is to provide the feasibility of tourism capacities and potentials in Khorram Abad to develop the industry. Hence, a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) was prepared and the SWOT matrix was elicited out of it by organizing the strategic factors, and approaches have been presented as instrumental policies to promote tourism infrastructures and potentials in Khorram Abad. Research findings show that, through a systematic look towards the existing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, it can be concluded that Khorram Abad has many tourist attractions and environmental capabilities. Therefore, the city lacks the required adaptability with the environment, and we should plan to remove the threats and change them into opportunities by taking appropriate strategies.

This study investigated the process of climate change both Kerman and Bam stations as, Kerman province has been selected stations. Was used in this base the parameterthe average bulb temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, daily temperature, absolute minimum temperature, absolute maximum temperature, mean relative humidity, maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity and total precipitation of scale Monthly and annual during the period 1957-2005. In start was examined  the normal and homogeneity used data use Anderson-Darling and Chi-square test. Then, was employed for data with normal distribution and the autocorrelation function test and abnormal distribution of the data, statistical-graphics tests Mann-Kendall. In outrance was performed the trend analytical model the least squares method on normally distributed data. The results of this study indicate that in Kerman station trends were observed in the months that followed of trend patterns; average bulb temperature of decrease trend, the mean absolute maximum temperature without trend and the other elements have been increased trend. The damping of the mean relative humidity and maximum relative humidity increases trend and minimum relative humidity have been decrease trend. Was confirmed there are an increase trend in temperature elements and decrease in humidity elements Bam station during the study period.